| ZHAO Jiechen,YANG Qinghua,CHENG Bin,LEPPÄRANTA Matti,HUI Fengming,XIE Surui,CHEN Meng,YU Yining,TIAN Zhongxiang,LI Ming,ZHANG Lin. 2019. Spatial and temporal evolution of landfast ice near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, over an annual cycle in 2011/2012. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(5):51－61 |
| Spatial and temporal evolution of landfast ice near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, over an annual cycle in 2011/2012 |
| 东南极中山站陆缘固定冰2011/2012年度的时空变化 |
| Received:January 09, 2018 |
| DOI：10.1007/s13131-018-1339-5 |
| Key words:landfast ice thickness oceanic heat flux Prydz Bay East Antarctica |
| 中文关键词: 陆缘固定冰 厚度 海洋热通量 普里兹湾 东南极 |
| 基金项目:The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41876212, 41406218 and 41676176; the Polar Strategy Project from Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration under contract No. 20120317; the Opening Fund of Key Laboratory of Land Surface Process and Climate Change in Cold and Arid Regions, CAS, under contract Nos LPCC2018001 and LPCC2018005. |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | ZHAO Jiechen | College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China | | | YANG Qinghua | Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China | yangqh25@mail.sysu.edu.cn | | CHENG Bin | Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland | | | LEPPÄRANTA Matti | Institute of Atmospheric and Earth Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland | | | HUI Fengming | College of Global Change and Earth System Sciences (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China | huifm@bnu.edu.cn | | XIE Surui | School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620, USA | | | CHEN Meng | Meteorological Service of Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Chongqing 409800, China | | | YU Yining | College of Global Change and Earth System Sciences (GCESS), Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China | | | TIAN Zhongxiang | National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China | | | LI Ming | National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China | | | ZHANG Lin | National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| Annual observations of first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI) near Zhongshan Station, East Antarctica, were conducted for the first time from December 2011 to December 2012. Melt ponds appeared from early December 2011. Landfast ice partly broke in late January, 2012 after a strong cyclone. Open water was refrozen to form new ice cover in mid-February, and then FYI and SYI co-existed in March with a growth rate of 0.8 cm/d for FYI and a melting rate of 2.7 cm/d for SYI. This difference was due to the oceanic heat flux and the thickness of ice, with weaker heat flux through thicker ice. From May onward, FYI and SYI showed a similar growth by 0.5 cm/d. Their maximum thickness reached 160.5 cm and 167.0 cm, respectively, in late October. Drillings showed variations of FYI thickness to be generally less than 1.0 cm, but variations were up to 33.0 cm for SYI in March, suggesting that the SYI bottom was particularly uneven. Snow distribution was strongly affected by wind and surface roughness, leading to large thickness differences in the different sites. Snow and ice thickness in Nella Fjord had a similar "east thicker, west thinner" spatial distribution. Easterly prevailing wind and local topography led to this snow pattern. Superimposed ice induced by snow cover melting in summer thickened multi-year ice, causing it to be thicker than the snow-free SYI. The estimated monthly oceanic heat flux was~30.0 W/m2 in March-May, reducing to~10.0 W/m2 during July-October, and increasing to~15.0 W/m2 in November. The seasonal change and mean value of 15.6 W/m2 was similar to the findings of previous research. The results can be used to further our understanding of landfast ice for climate change study and Chinese Antarctic Expedition services. |
| 中文摘要: |
| 2011年12月至2012年12月在东南极中山站首次开展了当年冰和二年冰的同步年度观测。陆缘固定冰表面的融池最早出现于2011年12月，2012年1月底部分固定冰因气旋过程而破碎，2月中旬随着气温下降，开阔水域重新冻结形成新冰，于是观测场同时存在当年冰和二年冰。3月观测到的一年冰增长率为0.8 cm/d，但二年冰却呈现明显的融化，速率为2.7 cm/d，这归因于海洋热通量和海冰厚度的关系，即较厚海冰的垂直热传导较弱。5月之后，一年冰和二年冰呈现相似的生长速率，约0.5 cm/d，二者的冰厚在10月底达到最大值，分别是160.5 cm和167.0 cm。观测显示一年冰的站点间厚度差异通常小于1.0 cm，但二年冰的站点间差异在3月份高达33.0 cm，说明二年冰底部非常不平整。积雪的分布受到风和表面粗糙度的影响，导致不同站点的观测值差异很大。内拉湾内部的积雪和海冰厚度呈现"东厚西薄"的空间分布。常年盛行的东风和当地地形导致了积雪的东西分布不均，而夏季积雪融化后再冻结，在海冰表面形成叠加冰导致多年冰厚度的增加，使其远大于没有积雪覆盖的二年冰厚度。估算的海洋热通量在3-5月为~30.0 W/m2，在7-10月减小为~10.0 W/m2，而在11月又增加为~15.0 W/m2。海洋热通量的季节变化和15.6 W/m2的年平均值和前人的研究结果一致。本文研究结果有助于我们进一步开展气候变化下的固定冰研究和提高中国南极考察的保障服务水平。 |
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