| SAMSUVAN Watchara,YEEMIN Thamasak,SUTTHACHEEP Makamas,PENGSAKUN Sittiporn,PUTTHAYAKOOL Juthamart,THUMMASAN Monthaphat. 2019. Diseases and compromised health states of massive Porites spp. in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 38(1):118－127 |
| Diseases and compromised health states of massive Porites spp. in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea |
| Diseases and compromised health states of massive Porites spp. in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea |
| Received:January 26, 2018 |
| DOI：10.1007/s13131-019-1378-6 |
| Key words:coral diseases fish bites massive Porites management Gulf of Thailand Andaman Sea |
| 中文关键词: coral diseases fish bites massive Porites management Gulf of Thailand Andaman Sea |
| 基金项目:The budget for research promotion from the Government of Thailand to Ramkhamhaeng University. |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | SAMSUVAN Watchara | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | samsuvan@hotmail.com | | YEEMIN Thamasak | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | | | SUTTHACHEEP Makamas | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | | | PENGSAKUN Sittiporn | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | | | PUTTHAYAKOOL Juthamart | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | | | THUMMASAN Monthaphat | Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand | |
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| Abstract: |
| In this study, we assess coral health by detecting the severity of coral diseases and compromised health states on massive Porites. Field surveys are conducted at twenty-two sites covering the eastern, inner and western Gulf of Thailand as well as the Andaman Sea during 2010-2015. A total of nine coral diseases and signs of compromised health are observed in the waters of Thailand, consisting of pigmentation responses (pink lines, pink patches, pink spots and pink borers), white syndromes (white patches, white bands and ulcerative white spots), growth anomalies, and unusual bleaching patterns. The highest severity of all observed coral diseases and signs of compromised health are found at Ko Khang Khao in the inner Gulf of Thailand, while that observed in the Andaman Sea is relatively low. Composition of the diseases vary across the study sites. Four groups of study sites, in which there is an 80% similarity of diseases or signs of compromised health composition, are clustered and detected based on the Bray-Curtis similarity. The canonical analysis of principal coordinates reveal that most study sites in the Gulf of Thailand, especially the inner Gulf of Thailand, tend to show a high severity of the diseases. The association of disease severity and composition and the level of human impact are also detected. The study sites located near the shores and/or the areas with intensive tourism tend to have higher human impact, especially on poor water quality, which may be linked to the higher severity and composition of coral diseases and signs of compromised health in the Gulf of Thailand. Fish bites are also observed in many study sites. The severity of fish bites in the Gulf of Thailand is much lower compared to the Andaman Sea. Ko Rawi exhibits the highest severity, following by Ko Surin Nua and Ko Butang. The study sites within marine national park boundaries have a significantly higher severity of fish bites than those outside of the marine national park boundaries. This study suggests that higher coral diseases and signs of compromised health severity might be linked to anthropogenic disturbances on coral communities in the waters of Thailand. |
| 中文摘要: |
| In this study, we assess coral health by detecting the severity of coral diseases and compromised health states on massive Porites. Field surveys are conducted at twenty-two sites covering the eastern, inner and western Gulf of Thailand as well as the Andaman Sea during 2010-2015. A total of nine coral diseases and signs of compromised health are observed in the waters of Thailand, consisting of pigmentation responses (pink lines, pink patches, pink spots and pink borers), white syndromes (white patches, white bands and ulcerative white spots), growth anomalies, and unusual bleaching patterns. The highest severity of all observed coral diseases and signs of compromised health are found at Ko Khang Khao in the inner Gulf of Thailand, while that observed in the Andaman Sea is relatively low. Composition of the diseases vary across the study sites. Four groups of study sites, in which there is an 80% similarity of diseases or signs of compromised health composition, are clustered and detected based on the Bray-Curtis similarity. The canonical analysis of principal coordinates reveal that most study sites in the Gulf of Thailand, especially the inner Gulf of Thailand, tend to show a high severity of the diseases. The association of disease severity and composition and the level of human impact are also detected. The study sites located near the shores and/or the areas with intensive tourism tend to have higher human impact, especially on poor water quality, which may be linked to the higher severity and composition of coral diseases and signs of compromised health in the Gulf of Thailand. Fish bites are also observed in many study sites. The severity of fish bites in the Gulf of Thailand is much lower compared to the Andaman Sea. Ko Rawi exhibits the highest severity, following by Ko Surin Nua and Ko Butang. The study sites within marine national park boundaries have a significantly higher severity of fish bites than those outside of the marine national park boundaries. This study suggests that higher coral diseases and signs of compromised health severity might be linked to anthropogenic disturbances on coral communities in the waters of Thailand. |
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