| TIAN Zhongxiang,CHENG Bin,ZHAO Jiechen,VIHMA Timo,ZHANG Wenliang,LI Zhijun,ZHANG Zhanhai. 2017. Observed and modelled snow and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean with CHINARE buoy data. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 36(8):66－75 |
| Observed and modelled snow and ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean with CHINARE buoy data |
| 基于中国北极考察布放浮标观测和数值模拟的海冰和积雪厚度变化分析 |
| Received:March 02, 2016 |
| DOI：10.1007/s13131-017-1020-4 |
| Key words:temperature snow sea ice thickness ice mass balance buoy Arctic Ocean |
| 中文关键词: 温度 积雪 海冰 厚度 海冰质量平衡浮标 北极 |
| 基金项目:The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41428603, 41376188, 41376005 and 41506221; the Academy of Finland under contract No. 283101; the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration Project under contract No. 201614; the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation and Assessment Programs under contract No. CHINARE-03-01. |
| Author Name | Affiliation | E-mail | | TIAN Zhongxiang | Ocean University of China(OUC), Qingdao 266100, China
National Marine Environmental Forecasting Centre(NMEFC), Beijing 100081, China | | | CHENG Bin | Finnish Meteorological Institute(FMI), Helsinki FI 00931, Finland
Dalian University of Technology(DUT), Dalian 116024, China | bin.cheng@fmi.fi | | ZHAO Jiechen | National Marine Environmental Forecasting Centre(NMEFC), Beijing 100081, China | | | VIHMA Timo | Finnish Meteorological Institute(FMI), Helsinki FI 00931, Finland | | | ZHANG Wenliang | National Ocean Technology Center(NOTC), Tianjin 300112, China | | | LI Zhijun | Dalian University of Technology(DUT), Dalian 116024, China | | | ZHANG Zhanhai | Key Laboratory for Polar Science of the State Oceanic Administration, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China | |
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| Abstract: |
| Sea ice and the snow pack on top of it were investigated using Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) buoy data. Two polar hydrometeorological drifters, known as Zeno® ice stations, were deployed during CHINARE 2003. A new type of high-resolution Snow and Ice Mass Balance Arrays, known as SIMBA buoys, were deployed during CHINARE 2014. Data from those buoys were applied to investigate the thickness of sea ice and snow in the CHINARE domain. A simple approach was applied to estimate the average snow thickness on the basis of Zeno® temperature data. Snow and ice thicknesses were also derived from vertical temperature profile data based on the SIMBA buoys. A one-dimensional snow and ice thermodynamic model (HIGHTSI) was applied to calculate the snow and ice thickness along the buoy drift trajectories. The model forcing was based on forecasts and analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The Zeno® buoys drifted in a confined area during 2003-2004. The snow thickness modelled applying HIGHTSI was consistent with results based on Zeno® buoy data. The SIMBA buoys drifted from 81.1°N, 157.4°W to 73.5°N, 134.9°W in 15 months during 2014-2015. The total ice thickness increased from an initial August 2014 value of 1.97 m to a maximum value of 2.45 m before the onset of snow melt in May 2015; the last observation was approximately 1 m in late November 2015. The ice thickness based on HIGHTSI agreed with SIMBA measurements, in particular when the seasonal variation of oceanic heat flux was taken into account, but the modelled snow thickness differed from the observed one. Sea ice thickness derived from SIMBA data was reasonably good in cold conditions, but challenges remain in both snow and ice thickness in summer. |
| 中文摘要: |
| 本文利用中国北极科考布放的冰浮标研究了北极积雪和海冰的厚度变化。依托中国北极科学考察，2003年布放了两套Zeno®冰浮标，2014年布放了新型高分辨率温度链海冰质量平衡浮标（SIMBA）。根据浮标数据，分析提取了中国北极科考区域的冰雪厚度。利用Zeno®观测的海冰垂直温度剖面以及近地表气温数据，使用一个简化的计算过程，估算了平均积雪厚度。根据SIMBA垂向温度链的观测数据，计算了海冰和积雪的厚度。同时利用一维雪-冰热力学模式HIGHTSI，选取欧洲中心（ECMWF）的再分析资料和预报数据作为大气强迫场，模拟了浮标漂移轨迹上的海冰和积雪厚度变化。2003-2004年，Zeno®在很小的范围内漂移。HIGHTSI模拟的雪厚变化与Zeno®的观测数据分析结果比较一致。2014年布放的其中一套SIMBA浮标，共持续观测了15个月，从81.1°N，157.4°W漂移到了73.5°N，134.9°W。2015年5月，积雪融化之前，海冰厚度从其初始位置的1.97m增长到最大值2.45m。SIMBA最后观测（2015年11月）到的冰厚约为1m。HIGHTSI模拟的冰厚变化与SIMBA观测数据的分析结果相近。尤其在考虑海洋热通量的季节变化后，显著提高了模拟冰厚与SIMBA分析结果的一致性。但SIMBA分析的雪厚与HIGHTSI的模拟结果差别较大。在寒冷季节由SIMBA数据分析的冰厚比较可靠，而夏季如何利用SIMBA获得可靠的积雪和海冰厚度仍然具有挑战性。 |
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